Applications of Operations Management Concepts - 3067 Words

Introduction The world’s leading economies are ostensibly heading towards a recession with plummeting stock markets and soaring crude oil prices as consumers are beginning to feel the pinch of the credit crunch. According to analysts, the financial slumps of the past nine months seem to be unmatched since the Great Depression (Elliot, 2008). Unstable and unpredictable market turmoil from various sectors of industries with particular reference to the UK has seen major companies battling the slowdown in consumer spending due to the ongoing effects of the credit crunch which threatens job security (Harding Elliot 2008). The snowball effect of the faltering economy has caused companies and establishments to redesign their marketing†¦show more content†¦Reservations procedures are also scheduled to be made a week in advance which allows demand forecasts and estimates to be far more accurate and enable better inventory management. By doing this, the management is able to supply the demand more efficiently and save on organic wastage. This concept creates the opportunity to fix the demand and supply to maximize capacity in a balanced and controlled method. Employees thus know exactly what to expect and are well equipped to handle demands making the service operation far more efficient and effective. This concept which determines the demand to manage capacity and supply is a cost-effective method which could be applied to many smaller scale restaurant establishments in the tight economic circumstances faced today. Service Innovation Service innovation has exploded in the last decade for the global hospitality industry where innovation in designs, themes, concepts and services have brought a whole new challenge to the industry, fuelled by the emerging consumer market. Trends and consumer patterns evolve at such an alarming speed that certain establishments are required to be innovative just to stay in business and maintain market positions. Victorino et al. (2005) consider service innovation as an essential element in the marketing concept because it creates an opportunity for the firm to stayShow MoreRelatedCrm and Scm Essay659 Words   |  3 PagesCRM and SCM are both different management concepts: one focusing on concepts used by companies to manage relationship with their customers while the other focuses on planning, implementing and controlling the operations of supply chain. Both the concepts are similar in the way that they can be used to improve organizations functionality in the respective departments. Both management tools can be integrated with the ERP software. Both CRM and SCM can offer benefits in terms of lower costs, higherRead MoreOperation Management1673 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is Operations Management? Operation Management is concerned with any productive activity, whether manufacturing or service, in public sector or private sector, profit making or not profit making. It is concerned with ensuring that operations are carried out both efficiently and effectively. All mangers are operations managers since all functions within an organization are, presumably, productive activates it goes without saying that all function should be carried out efficiently and effectivelyRead MoreSoftware Houses Use Agile Development1431 Words   |  6 Pagescycle. This environment has no constrains. On the other hand, operation environment, which is usually called production environment. In operation environment there are a lot of constrains due to the nature and policies of IT. The third problem is the time taken in support process. In support process operation team open a support ticket after that development teams start to develop, finally after fixing issues. It takes time to make operation enviro nment down to redeploy after build. Sometimes, problemsRead MoreBus 644 Complete Week 6 / Final Paper and Dqs1393 Words   |  6 Pagesor continuous – is the primary mode of operation? Explain. 6. In what ways could management keep track of job status and location during production? 7. Can you suggest any changes that might be beneficial to the company or add value for the customer? What are they? The purpose of the Final Case is for you to culminate the learning achieved in the course by describing your understanding and application of knowledge in the field of operations management. The paper should integrate Readings andRead MoreProperty Management System (Pms)1347 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Property management system (PMS) is a generic term for applications of computer hardware and software used to manage a hotel. These applications are central to front office operation in today’s modern hotel. Computers are standard equipment that used in hotel, it being integrated into everyday operation to assist in providing hospitality to guests. This application is very important because it include routinely processing reservationsRead More Use of Project Management Software in Business Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesUse of Project Management Software in Business Project Management is using the concepts of information technology in businesses to meet the requirements of a particular project. It depends on the process it needs to take to implement a project. The application of knowledge, skills, and tools and techniques is needed (http://www.asp.org/infoglossary/p). There are 3 main phases of project management, they are planning, scheduling and controlling. How the process is implemented is through differentRead MoreWin32 Api and Posix Api Comparison984 Words   |  4 PagesT. IT222, 1-2 WS... SLU Baguio City Philippines BSIT-2 Comparison between WIN32 API and POSIX API Win32 API is Microsoft’s core set of application programming interfaces available in the Microsoft Windows operating systems while POSIX API, an acronym for â€Å"Portable Operating System Interface (for Unix)† is a core set of application programming interfaces, shell, and utilities interfaces for software compatible with variants on the Unix operating system. Each of which has its own styleRead MoreThe Primary Aspects of Supply Chain Management964 Words   |  4 PagesBlanchard, D. (2010). Supply chain management best practices. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Chopra, S., Meindl, P. (2010). Supply chain management: Strategy, planning and operation (4th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Home Depot Corporate. (2006). Our CompanyÃÆ' Values. Retrieved from http://corporate.homedepot.com/wps/portal/ Mentzer, J. T., Dewitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Zacharia, Z. D. (2001). Defining supply chain management. Journal of Business Logistics,Read MoreOperations Management : An Organization Essay1107 Words   |  5 PagesOperations Management Operations management is a field that can, at times, be misunderstood because of its multidisciplinary nature. However, its functions form the lynchpin of businesses the world over and success can often rest squarely on its shoulders. http://www.topmba.com/mba-programs/what-operations-management When people began to produce goods and service, the operations management was born. History of Operations management 1. Adam Smith (1776) The world have observed that Adam Smith isRead MoreQuiz on Information Systems and Outsourcing848 Words   |  3 Pagesfound within an IS department are IT Operations, IT Support, Applications and Management Support which includes Quality Management and Project Management. These four areas of IT Operations, IT Support Applications and Management Support can be further broken down into the following departments. Reporting into IT Operations, User Support and System Support is given the task of ensuring the reliability and availability of systems across an enterprise. Operations Support includes Security Support, Hardware

Describing Lenin Essay examples - 996 Words

Describing Lenin A cruel tyrant, bloodthirsty and ruthless in his determination to seize and hold on to power He devoted his whole life to the interests of working people and to the building of a better society. Which of these two descriptions of Lenin do you think is closes to the truth. After several uprisings, demonstrations and a coup attempt, finally by mid October 1917 the Bolshevik movement gained pace and the Bolshevik revolution began between 25-27 October,as a result; the Provisinal government ministers were arrested and the 2nd Congress of the Soviets was announced. Lenin, appointed†¦show more content†¦It would on the other hand, be untrue to suggest that Lenin did not wished to take power. He certainly did, but only till a workers state was created, where individuals would contribute to the best of their ability and the profits would be distrubuted according to need. Lenins life time has not allowed this to happen and with Stalin in power this was not possible. So, although it needs imagination to say that Lenin was bloodthirsty and ruthless it is clear and not deniable that wanted power and therefore he had the control of most things . This is to say he was the top man, next came the seven members of the Polikburo than the Central Committies with 40 people, than the Party Congress, followed by the party with 8000 members, the Soviets which would lead itself to the working class which finally ended with the whole of society. Looking at this system, it may be suggested that Lenin basically controlled the society, all by himself, however if looked at in long-term this wasnt true, as Lenins aim was to create a classless and a society where no leader would be necessary. Nevertheless, it can not be declined that during Lenins time a lot of terror and cruelty took place, although not directly under his command. This terror was probably the result or maybeShow MoreRelatedHow Far Had the Bolsheviks Created a Totalitarian State by 1924?1066 Words   |  5 PagesA totalitarian state, is a where the central government of a state does not tolerate any parties with opposing views and exercises complete dictatorial rule over all or most aspects of life. Lenin, the leader of the Bolsheviks, took many measures in an attempt to create a totalitarian state, including the dissolution of Constituent Assembly, the use of decrees and the establishment of a secret police group called the Cheka. However there were also some ways in which he failed to achieve full totalitarianismRead More Stalins Rise To Power Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesmanipulate situations and the failure of others to prevent him from taking power, especially Leon Trotsky. Stalin ruled the US SR from 1929 until his death in 1953. His rule was one of tyranny, a great change from the society that his predecessor, Lenin, had envisioned. During his time of reign, Stalin put into effect two self-proclaimed quot;five-year plansquot;. Both were very similar in that they were intended to improve production in the nation. The first of these plans began collectivizationRead MoreFrom Pig To Man And Back To Pig758 Words   |  3 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm could equivocally be both about Communism –under the leadership of Josef Stalin- and Fascism concurrently. Specifically the story is unquestionably a retelling of the sequence of events describing the Soviet Revolution and continuing through the days under Stalin’s rule, yet implicitly this story is applicable to any dictatorial regime that arises from a revolution and leads a state full circle back to an oppression that is equal to or greater than was originally sufferedRead MoreMustafa Establish The R epublic Of Turkey1467 Words   |  6 Pagesto set up Arabian independence, only to be disappointed by the British and French occupation of the Middle East. He was given a post under Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill; he resigned soon after. He wrote a book, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, describing his experiences in Arabia. Although he became a huge international celebrity, he disliked the fame and tried to be anonymous in the Royal Air Force and then the Royal Tank Corps. 5. French General Robert Georges Nivelle began his military careerRead More1905 Revolution Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pagesweight of redemption payments and oppressive taxes and their economic unrest was definitely evident preceding 1905, and throughout 1905 they vented their anger. The ferment in the countryside grew in a menacing way[4], is a good quote describing their movements as the word menacing seems to suggest they were very dangerous and seems to have connotations supporting the large numbers that there were. The word ferment supports the fact it peasant unrest had been building Read MoreLenins Role in the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 Essay2226 Words   |  9 Pagesmyth perhaps continues into the role of Lenin in the Bolshevik revolution. In the film October, Lenin is portrayed as an inspiring, courageous, all great leader who was followed by thousands of Russians. This is simply not the complete real case. As one witness describes; I heard shouting in the street of Lenin! Lenin!, but we had no idea who this Lenin was. It is interesting to note that it took a further three years for Lenin to take complete control of the massiveRead MoreTheu.s. P. Taylor s Ten Days That Shook The World1800 Words   |  8 PagesThough the February Revolution had signified a new change in Russia, the provisional government continued to fight in the Great War. The moderate socialists in power, led by Alexander Kerensky, were opposed by the radical Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky. This is where Reed comes in the picture. Only weeks earlier, General Kornilov had marched on Petrograd. The populace was already discontent, but the Kornilov affair had revitalised support for the Bolsheviks. This culminates in theRead MoreThe War I Left Men Wound Mentally And Physically1794 Words   |  8 Pagesa â€Å"class war† throughout the country. The working class were tired of being exploited by the bourgeois and were beginning to strike against them in hopes of receiving equality. And the reason for the inequality was because of the communist party, Lenin had left behind to Joseph Stalin. For Stalin and his party wanted to control the finance capital all throughout Russia; and in order for them to do that they had to exploit the proletarians, which lead to in the revolution (Boyer Goldstein, 234)Read MoreThe Major Problems That International Relations1639 Words   |  7 Pagesof the explanations. Each theoretical approach will be outlined with how their basic perception is and then an example will be used to support the ideal. Once we have shown these examples we will conclude with why Realism approach is the best for describing the causes of war. A realist theoretical approach is probably the most dominant in the area of international relations. Realism has three main sections that it can be divided into but even with their differences they share core principles directlyRead MoreThe Good Bye, Lenin Movie Relation to Historic Facts640 Words   |  3 Pages We are going to examine the movie â€Å"Good Bye, Lenin† and identify the ways the movie depicts not only the fall of the GDR, with the Berlin Wall being knocked down and joyful people ringing out from the East, but, also describing the movie as a product of the twenty-first century by the push from communism to capitalism. Both could accurately describe the this movie, but, it is upto you to decided which side is more accurately profound in your perspective. The first area of interest

Legal Strikes and Illegal Strikes Under Labor Law Free Essays

Q1. Legal strikes and illegal strikes are dramatically different in terms of how they are viewed in Labour Law. Discuss. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Strikes and Illegal Strikes Under Labor Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now (5 marks) Section 1 (1) of the Labour Relations Act, 1995 defines â€Å"a strike as a cessation of work, a refusal to work or to continue to work by employees in combination or in concert or in accordance with a common understanding, or a slow-down or other concerted activity on the part of employees designed to restrict or limit output†. According to the â€Å"Labour Relations Act, 1995† the strikes are legal only if some preconditions are met such as the collective agreement must have expired, a strike vote must have been held and 50% of the members are in favour of the strike, and a conciliation officer must have been appointed. All the employees covered under Labour Relations Act, 1995 are not lawfully permitted to strike e. g. ospitals, and nursing homes and Toronto Transit Commission do not have the right to strike. Some departments like fire fighters and police are not subject to the above-discussed law and have their own legislations. If a union is not adhering the law the strike can be charged as illegal and the participants are subject to discipline. The employer can request the board for cease immediately and if the orders are disobeyed, court injunction can occur. The breech of court orders can result in fines and jail sentences and employers can also sue the individuals or unions for the damages. The union leaders can be charged and held responsible for the consequences of the strike. Considering the differences of legal and illegal strike, as defined above by law, it can be argued that legal strikes and illegal strikes are dramatically different in terms of how they are viewed in Labour Law. Question 2: How should Bob begin to address this situation? (5 marks) Bob Graham a newly appointed Labour Relation Manager has been directed by the management to get rid of the chief union steward Peter who is known for absenteeism (missed over 100 shifts), coming late to work (53 times), do not advise his supervisor about being absent (25 occasions), low performance at work, breath smells of alcohol on a regular basis (serious infraction), unpredictable mood swings and disruptive behavior to entire workforce. The complaints have been made by the employees to the management about Peter’s bsenteeism, attitude and performance but all in vain. Employees who habitually absent from work or come late are subject to discipline. Absenteeism in the plant averages six shifts a year whereas, Peter has missed one hundred shifts which is way more than the plant average therefore should be subject to discipline with a series of warnings and ultimately should be discharged. Although there are several concrete evidences and complaints about Peter’s misco nduct at the workplace, his disciplinary record is clear. The reason for this, described in the case study, is very obvious, management views Peter as someone to fear, as the company occurred a hefty financial loss as a result of a successful illegal strike lead by him. Bob is in a very critical position as he is new to the organization and that there is no record of Peter’s misconduct at the workplace. He has not been issued any verbal or written warnings. Therefore he should be very careful in whatever actions he take against Peter. He should start an official, fair and objective investigation against Peter and should involve other senior management members too. The major issue faced by Bob is that apart from the clear evidences of Peter’s misconduct in the workplace there are no disciplinary reports against him. Bob should first develop a relationship of trust with the employees in the organization as a credible HR manager. Bod in normal situation would consult union steward and Peter’s immediate supervisor to discuss the issue. As Peter is the union steward, it can be hard for him to involve union effectively. Therefore he should keep the evidences like his attendance, his behavior with others and should conduct interviews with the employees who have been complaining about his behavior and have substantial amount of documentary evidences by taking as many witnesses as possible. Because Peter is the chief steward of the union and has been occurring substantial financial losses to the company, it is worth hiring a third party to do the investigation for Bob. After he is collected concrete evidence against him, he should conduct an interview with Peter in the presence of another senior management member and address the issues. Peter should be given verbal warning followed by the written warnings. He can repeat the written warnings if required so that the disciplinary action can be escalated to the next level. If Peter finally does not correct his behavior, which most likely seems to be the case, he should be suspended without pay fro 1 to 5 days. After that if he still does not change his behavior, he is subject to be terminated with cause. Question 3: If Peter is discharged, what arguments would the company lawyer use at arbitration? (10 marks) If the management decides to discharge Peter, he using his power will take the disciplinary action to attribution where the union will try to show that management did not have cause to the disciplinary action against Peter. Company lawyer in this case should have real evidences against peter so that management can attempt to prove how the action taken was crucial for business. Peter committed some serious offences like drinking at the workplace and the clear disciplinary record the he has â€Å"irreparably damaged the employment relationship with the employer† (Module 5). The contract between an employee and employer, which says that employee will carry out tasks according to the directions given and would adhere the established standards personally and professionally in return of the payment he gets from employer. The lawyer should talk about management rights in collective agreement, which outlines that the management has the right to fire the employees who are subject to discipline and poor performance to run the business smoothly. The lawyer should provide the substantial documentations Bob prepared while investigation and warning stage. The lawyer should also emphasize if discipline is a required function on the management’s mandate to preserve stability in the workplace. Talking within the context of discipline the argument should be made by the lawyer about how Peter’s absenteeism significantly and progressively exceeded the plant average and that the behavior was not altered by him after a series of communication with him in making an effort to close the gap between his performance and the established standards of the organizations. While highlighting the causes of discharge such as, 100 missed shifts, 53 late arrivals and 25 occasions of not advising the supervisor of his absence, the argument should also be made about as to how Peter was able to influence management using his power not to make a report on his disciplinary record. Considering his involvement in the serious infractions such as drinking at the workplace and harassing the co-workers psychologically it can be argued that his actions did not meet the mandatory standards established by the organization. No formal apology by Peter to the management can also be a significant argument for the company lawyer. As defined in module 5 â€Å"Discipline can include termination with cause for serious infractions or infractions which have followed lengthy disciplinary records†, Peter is subject to both which provides a logical cause to the action taken against him. Q 4. What arguments would the union lawyer make in response? (10 marks) The work record, seniority, age, re-employability, company rules, duty to accommodate, the economic climate and his reputation as a union leader will be the key arguments by the union lawyer in response to the company lawyer. Peter’s seniority and clean disciplinary record suggests that the union lawyer has a strong argument to make. Peter’s length of service with the company would provide the union lawyer an edge over the company lawyer as in the union-represented workplaces senior employees have significant rights and seniority derives almost all of the decisions to reduce bias. Peter’s seniority is complemented with the clean disciplinary record over the period of his job that puts the union lawyer in a strong position. Peter’s age and economic conditions in the industry he works in provide a strong argument. According to the case study â€Å"Peter Frost is a 52 year old maintenance mechanic with 25 years service in a construction materials plant in western Mississauga†. According to the statistic provided on bureau of labour website the maintenance mechanics’ jobs are subject to change frequently and adaption to new sophisticated machinery is crucial. The increased automation and new computer controlled machines in the plants can result in less demand for old workers who got their training years back and were unable to update their skills. Peter perfectly fits in this scenario, as he is working in the industry for a long time and doesn’t seem like he as been going for new training considering his attitude to work. Therefore his re-employability is an issue considering the external environment of the industry. The fact that Peter is a known union leader for conducting successful illegal strikes can also affect his re-employability. Company rules also put the union lawyer in a favorable position. The clean disciplinary record of Peter advocates that the organization does not have the history of enforcement of disciplinary actions, the past practices and the publication of rules is poor. If the disciplinary rules and procedures were in place and were practiced the management would have been warned Peter of infractions as they occurred, and also the â€Å"Discipline in the labour relations field is foremost rehabilitative rather than punitive†(Module 4). If Peter admits he is addict to alcohol the company has the duty to accommodate under the Ontario Human Rights Code. It can be logically argued on this base that peter’s addiction is a disease/ disability and he is covered under the terms of the Duty to Accommodate provisions of the Code (Module 5). Question 5: What criteria would an arbitrator use to decide the case and what decision would likely be made? (20 marks) In this discharge case the arbitrator has the ultimate right to support the discharge of Peter, dismiss his discharge or adjust the discipline to something less than a discharge for example an extended suspension without pay. In situations like this, it is usually up to the company and union lawyers as to how they present and support the information they provide to the arbitrator. However the decisions made by arbitrator in the past and set examples are also the majour contributors in the decisions made by an arbitrator (Module 5). The literature about the previous cases reveals that an arbitrator typically considers the severity of infraction, the work record, seniority, age, re-employability of the employee and the company rules, duty to accommodate, the economic climate before making any decisions. In this case both the union lawyer and the company lawyer have provided some logical arguments to defend them, which makes it very difficult to predict what decision the arbitrator would most likely to make. The comparison of both parties’ arguments and the past decisions of the arbitrators would help to anticipate the decision the arbitrator would make about Peter’s discharge case. The company lawyer made a solid argument about the seriousness of the offences made by Peter such as drinking at the workplace. Where as the union lawyer made a logical argument to defend peter, he highlighted that if Peter admits that he is alcoholic or drug addict which is considered to be a disease and a disease is a disability the employer considering the Duty to Accommodate Provisions of the Code is bound to accommodate Peter through appropriate means rather than discharge. The company lawyer made an argument about peters progressive absenteeism and poor performance over the period of 4 years. Talking within the context of discipline the argument was made by the lawyer about how Peter’s absenteeism significantly and progressively exceeded the plant average and the gap between his performance and the established standards of the organizations. Peter’s seniority is complemented with the clean disciplinary record over the period of his job was highlighted by the union lawyer in response. The absence of any disciplinary charges on Peter’s record provided the union lawyer an edge over the company lawyer. The lawyer argued about management rights in collective agreement, which says that management has the right to fire the employees who are subject to discipline and poor performance to run the business smoothly. The union lawyer raised an issue of company rules he argued that the clean disciplinary record of Peter advocates that the organization does not have the history of enforcement of disciplinary actions, the past practices and the publication of rules is poor. The lack of communication history between Peter and the management in the previous years did put the company lawyer in an awkward position, as the discipline in the labour relations field is primarily rehabilitative and not punitive. The company lawyer talked about how Peter’s behavior was interfering with other employees but the evidences did not back that as his record was clear and there was a not substantial document available from previous years. The union lawyer in this case seems to have an upper hand over the company lawyer as he argued about Peter’s seniority, age, re-employability the economic condition, the external environment of the industry which are the majour issued the arbitrator would consider while making the decision. The union lawyer had thoroughly researched the criteria the arbitrators use to make decision and has made argument about how the charges against peter are not well supported by the evidences. Arbitrators made the decisions based on the evidences provided by the both parties. The examples of the documentation could be the documentations, videos and witnesses. The lack of these evidences from the company lawyer suggests that Peter is most like to get away with the situation and the decision might be made in his favour than the company. Q 6. How does the situation change if Peter admits he is an alcoholic? (10 marks) If peter admits he is an alcoholic he would have an upper hand over the company. According to the Ontario Human Rights Code the employer has the duty to accommodate the employees who have disabilities. The union lawyer can make a logical argument to defend peter if he admits that he is alcoholic or drug addict which is considered to be a disease and a disease is a disability therefore considering the Duty to Accommodate Provisions of the Code employer is bound to accommodate Peter through appropriate means rather than discharge (Module 5). According to the interpretation of the act the organization must establish that Peter’s disability (consuming alcohol while working) interferes with the rights of other co-workers. The clear disciplinary record of Peter over the length of his job makes it difficult to prove that his behavior has been seriously interfering the right s of other employees. The code says that the employers should accommodate the minor interference or inconveniences if the employee take initiative and request for accommodation. If peter explains why he is asking for accommodation the company is obliged to asses the need of accommodation based on the needs of Peter’s colleagues. Peter however is required to apply for the accommodation in writing providing enough time for employer to respond and the company is required to response within reasonable time. If Peter is flexible and realistic the company should considers alternatives than discharge Peter as guided by the Ontario Human Rights Code. According to the case study, there are â€Å"persistent rumours from other employees and supervisors that Peter’s breath smells of alcohol on a regular basis† however there is no evidence of that as his disciplinary record is clear. This puts Peter in a good position to request for the accommodation from employer as the law allows him to do so. Therefore based on the evidences discussed above it can be logically argued that if Peter, in accordance with law, admits that he is an alcoholic it is very likely that he will take advantage of the law as he is an experiences union steward. References: http://www. bls. gov/ooh/installation-maintenance-and-repair/industrial-machinery-mechanics-and-maintenance-workers. htm#tab-6 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. labour. gov. on. ca/english/lr/faqs/lr_faq3. php#what1 How to cite Legal Strikes and Illegal Strikes Under Labor Law, Papers

Irish Legal System for Nature and Community-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theIrish Legal System for Nature and Community. Answer: Ireland had a own indigenous legal system prior to the English rule which existed since the Celtic times and survived till the 17th century where finally the English common law system supplanted it. The indigenous system of law which was present in Ireland was known as the Brehon law system. The system had its origin from customs which were provided by one generation to the next generation. This law had been initially written down in the 7th century and was governed by Brehons (or brithem). The roles of Brehons were closely related to that of an arbitrator and similar to that of the judges. They had the role off interpreting and preserving the law instead of expanding it (Mhuirthile O'Sullivan and Thornton 2016). The law in many aspects was quite progressive in nature. The law recognized equal rights for both the genders and also concerns in relation to the environment. The law also had well defined penalties and offences in relation to criminal law (Graf 2016). The law incorporated the principles of restitution rather than punishments. The crime of bodily injury and homicides were determined though a specific scale in from of eric fines. No capital punishment was provided in this legal system. There was no police force or a court system in this law which made it clear that the law was respected by all citizens (ONeill 2016). The modern system of law in Ireland is derived from common law traditions of England. The court is mostly referred as the 'the first adventure of the common law.' The military campaign by Oliver Cromwell consolidated the dominance of English law in Ireland. Poynings law had been repealed by the English parliament through the passing of The Irish Appeals Act, 1783. Roman Catholic Relief Act, 1793 was enacted to enhance the situation of the catholics which provided them limited rights to pactice at bar and vote. The Act of Union, 1800 was passed through which the Irish parliament had been dissolved and Westminster Parliament had been established as the only legislative body of Ireland and Great Britain in London. Until the Irish free state had been established in 1922 the government power had been centralized in London. Reforms had been introduced by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act, 1873 along with its Irish from in 1877. The legislations combined the governance of equity and commo n law towards the creation of a unified system of courts. The establishment of the Supreme Court of Judicature had been initiated which consisted of High Court of Justice having appellate jurisdictions for the court of appeal and the local courts as well as original jurisdiction. The ultimate court of appeal for Ireland was still the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords. The high court of justice of the country was situated in Dublin. There were also a few inferior courts in addition to the superior courts. Antecedent to the high court was the court of assize which dealt with most criminal and civil matters of high importance (Walsh 2016). The Irish Free State (Constitution) Act, 1922, had been passed by the Westminster which repealed the Government of Ireland Act, 1920 to the extent it was applicable on Southern Ireland. The constitution provided for a separation of power between the legislature, executive and the judiciary. In relation to the judiciary a Supreme Court, High Court and courts of local provided with limited jurisdictions had been established. A right of appeal had been provided from the Irish courts to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Courts of Justice Act, 1924 created District courts having professional judges rather than court of petty sessions. The circuit court had been provided jurisdiction of matters of a more serious nature and replaced the county courts on the civil side. The high court had the same powers. A court of criminal appeal was established to hear appeals from high and circuit courts. Further rights to appeal to the Supreme Court were also provided which was preceded by th e chief justice. The same structure had been provided by the 1937 Constitution and operates till the present day (Capra and Mattei 2015). Part B This part of the paper critically analyzes the Irish legal system in the light of the court system and the sources of law by comparing it to the legal system of Spain. The Modern law in Ireland is based on the concept of common law which has its origins from the system which was applicable in Medieval England and which is in use by mostly all the jurisdictions which have been influenced by the British. The common law system is said to have originated from 1066AD where the battle of Hastings was won by William I. He made an attempt to centralize the administration of justice and held that legal matters should be resolved by common customs and thus common law was originated. On the other hand Spanish law comprises of continental law which has its origin from the roman legal system along with canonical and Germanic law. This is the form of law which most European countries under along with the territories which have been colonized by them. The primary sources of Spanish law are customs and general principles of law. However were in Irish law jurisprudence is a source of law, in Spanish law jurisprudence is not considered as a source of law (O'Donnell 2016). Unlike Ireland in Spanish law jurisprudence only supplements the legal system. Jurisprudence on the other hand has a binding effect on Irish law. Thus any judge in Ireland is not allowed to depart from the decision which has been taken by the previous judges. In Spanish law precedents do not effectively bind the decisions taken by the judges. This situation has its own advantages and disadvantages for the Irish legal system. on one had the concept ensures certainty and prevents judicial activism on the other hand it makes the judges to implement the law in the same which has been done previously even where it provides derogative result (Novak 2016). The judge in a continental system has the right to address a case in the most suitable and fair manner and set aside a majority case law. The hierarch of norms present in Ireland is very similar to the concept of priority of rules in Spain. Fundamental rights of citizen and public powers are regulated by both the constitutions. The consti tution in both the kind of legal system is adjudged as supreme which determines the legal principles. The high court in Ireland and the constitutional court in Spain also have the same functions of ensuring legal compliance with the constitution. One of the primary advantages which the Irish legal system has over the Spanish legal system is that the system is less complex as it does not constitute different legal systems coexisting. Both the legal systems have courts in organized hierarchy. A decision of the lower court can be appealed against at an higher court which evidently has its own advantages and disadvantages. On one had the system ensures right to fair hearing and on the other hand it makes the judicial process longer. In relation to civil matters the Irish legal system provides more flexibility with respect to evidence as compared to the Spanish system. In the Spanish system the claim has to be fully argued in the initial document with all facts, case laws and evidence and on the other hand in the Irish system evidence can be submitted even in the latter stages of the proceedings (Wigmore 2015). Thus the Irish legal system has both advantages and disadvantages as compared to the system in Spain. References Capra, F. and Mattei, U., 2015.The ecology of law: toward a legal system in tune with nature and community. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Graf, S., 2016. Begrudgery Brehon Law: A Literary Examination of the Roots of Resentment in Pre-Modern Ireland.World Journal of Social Science Research,3(1), p.62. N Mhuirthile, T., O'Sullivan, C. and Thornton, L., 2016. Fundamentals of the Irish Legal System: Law, Policy Politics. Novak, M., 2016. Historical Types of Law. InThe Type Theory of Law(pp. 49-70). Springer, Cham. ONeill, T.P., 2016. Book review: An Islands Law: A Bibliographical Guide to Irelands Legal Past, The Law School of University College Dublin, The Irish Stage: A Legal History. O'Donnell, D., 2016. Irish Legal History of the Twentieth Century. Walsh, D., 2016. Raising the Age of Criminal Responsibility in the Republic of Ireland: A Legacy of Vested Interests and Political Expediency.N. Ir. Legal Q.,67, p.373. Wigmore, J.H., 2015. Louisiana: The Story of its Legal System.Tul. L. Rev.,90, p.529.